The findings may point researchers to future gene therapies for patients with sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia.

In an article pre-published online Aug. 3 as a First Edition Paper in the journal Blood, the journal of the American Association for Hematology, researchers reported that a protein called KLF2 coordinates with a related and well-studied transcription factor, EKLF, in the regulation of embryonic globin genes responsible for the development of mouse embryonic red blood cells.

EKLF plays a central role in the developmental regulation of the adult beta-globin gene, and is essential for the maturation and stability of adult red blood cells. KLF2 is a protein crucial for making embryonic red blood cells.

If EKLF and KLF2 can turn on the embryonic globin genes in adult cells we don't know if this is true yet - then these findings may provide a gene therapy approach for treating sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. It is well-established that the expression of embryonic globin genes can help ameliorate these diseases, said Joyce A. Lloyd, Ph.D., associate professor of human genetics at the VCU Massey Cancer Center, and corresponding author for this study.

Lloyd's team studied gene expression and red blood cell development in the mouse embryo. They used mouse embryos missing both the KLF2 and EKLF genes to show that embryonic globin expression is severely reduced, and that the embryos therefore are anemic, compared to mice missing KLF2 or EKLF alone.

This likely means that EKLF and KLF2, which are related transcription factors, regulate overlapping groups of genes in developing red blood cells. In the absence of both factors, they cannot compensate for each other, causing more serious defects in red blood cell development, Lloyd said.

According to Lloyd, the production of blood cells involves a complex differentiation pathway with interactions between many molecular players and proteins.

In humans, there are four globin genes clustered on chromosome 11 in the order in which they are turned on or expressed. These genes include the epsilon-globin gene, two gamma-globin genes and the beta-globin gene. Lloyd said that during fetal development, the embryonic epsilon-globin gene is active first, followed by the gamma-globin genes, and finally the adult form, beta-globin takes control following birth.

Understanding how genes are regulated or turned on and off is critical. In gene therapy, a normal gene can be inserted into cells to correct a genetic defect. However, according to Lloyd, in this case, the goal would be to insert a transcription factor into adult cells that would turn on an existing, silenced embryonic gene.

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